Analysis Of Homer s The Iliad Essay - 1692 Words

A major theme seen in Homer’s The Iliad is one of war and the politics that play a role in it. A key part of politics is the interactions that take place between people when determining policies and courses of action. The focus of this paper will be on the interactions between the Greek leaders and the army in the opening of book 2. There will be a section where I will analyze these interactions and provide evidence showing what degree I believe the Greek leaders care about their army. The way that the leaders negotiate with one another also plays an important role in the war and story. One of the interactions that takes place between the leaders and the Greek army is when Agamemnon decides to test the army’s loyalty. This comes after he received a message from Zeus in his dream. In lines 74 to 75, Agamemnon talks about how he will â€Å"test them with words, as is right, and I shall urge them to flee† (Homer, Verity, Graziosi, 2011, p.20). Agamemnon wants to te st the loyalty of his people. It is crucial to the war that those fighting in the army are completely loyal to Agamemnon and his leadership. The army’s loyalty allows Agamemnon to know that they will do what he believes they must do in order to win this war. There are issues that arise from the nature of this interaction that will be addressed later on. Those fighting in the Greek army tend not to know the exact plans that Agamemnon and other leaders have all of the time. As the earlier example shows, the people hadShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Iliad is a tale of war and aggression (Puchner 183). Written in the 8th century, it remains relevant to society today. The basis of the Iliad, warfare, brings with it portrayals of death, grief, and the real problem with humankind: we are not peaceful beings. In a war-ridden world, these topics remain pertinent to society. These terrors of war showcased in the Iliad generate an anti- war message. With this said, Homer creates a timeless lesson against war with his work. While the Iliad has beenRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad997 Words   |  4 Pagesare set up in a way such that the audience must believe at least one party loves another. How they act on behalf of this love is perhaps a testimony to the strength of their love and heroic status. Taking this structure at face value, in Homer’s The Iliad, Hector shows the most modern form of heroism in Book Six. He chooses to fight rather than see his loved wife fall to the Achaeans, while others throughout the story view their women as prizes and choose to fight- or not- based on very different values;Read MoreAnalysis Of The Homer s The Iliad Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesPoor leadership is devastating in The Iliad.. Homer recognizes this, making a particular effort to demonstrate what traits constitute effective leadership. It is crucial, therefore, to determine exactly how Homer presents this idea in order to gain a coherent understanding of his beliefs. With Homer’s convic tions in mind, the individual gifts of these war leaders shine rather brightly. One can then begin to analyze them, deciding for oneself who fits Homer’s ideas the best. Assuredly, each of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad 1310 Words   |  6 Pagesunity in his tale. Homer was a writer who performed this feat throughout the entirety of the Iliad and showed his unique ability to weave a tale full of similes that both enhanced and unified his story. Although Homer used a variety of subjects in his similes, and many of them had a common thread. Homer’s unique ability was to create a tale so descriptive that the listener was able to fully immerse him or herself into the story. His usage of similes magnified this ability. Homer focused on the commonRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad887 Words   |  4 PagesIn Homer’s the Iliad there are two types of culture which are shame and honor. The Greeks rank great significance on personal honor. Why is tha t? The reason being is that to them honor means the ability to fight and be triumphant on the battle field. There are many ways honor is obtained to the Greeks, another way to prove your honor is to reveal athletic abilities. Meanwhile, the shame culture has a different concept to the Greeks. Shame meant to have good morals towards others and it is a moreRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad866 Words   |  4 PagesIn Homer’s The Iliad, women can often be overshadowed by the strong male warriors that dominate the epic poem. However, many women in The Iliad are central to the plot; without these women the poem would have a drastically different story. The influence of women in The Iliad varies from woman to woman, usually having some effect on the plot, but the extent of their involvement is typically dependent on their status in society. However, even when a woman is in a position of great power, she is stillRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Iliad 1382 Words   |  6 PagesRy an Doerhoff History of Greece Dr. Kirkland September 5, 2014 Document Analysis The primary documents that will be focused on in this analysis come from Homer’s Iliad. Homer is venerated today as the greatest of Greek epic poets, as his works had a colossal impact on the history of literature. Through his epics, Homer brings us first hand into the culture of the Greek world in the eighth century B.C. It is important to note that at this time very few had the privilege of an education, and lackedRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad 1177 Words   |  5 Pagesto the powerful, hardheaded fighters that generally appear in The Iliad. His purpose in The Iliad is to demonstrate, through tact and strategic ability, that strength and brawn isn’t all that compose a hero. Odysseus, the great tactician, isn’t known as the brawn, but the brain of the Achaian army. When compared with Menelaos, â€Å"Menelaos was bigger by his broad shoulders, but Odysseus was the more lordly† (III, 210). Here, Homer is intentionally lessening Odysseus’ physical prowess to uphold hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad993 Words   |  4 Pages In Homer’s The Iliad, we learn that the mother and father relationships within the family is very important, but we don’t want to overlook the brothers. For instance, in the Greek and Trojan families, it was one way to bring everyone together. The brotherhood of Agamemnon and Menelaus, and Hector and Paris illustrates their devotion. Book Six of The Iliad comprehends several illustrations of how honor strengthens the bond between both brother’s Agamemnon and Menelaus and Hector and Paris. GloryRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad1040 Words   |  5 Pagesthe generation of leaves, so is that of humanity. The wind scatters the leaves on the ground, but the live timber burgeons with leaves again in the season of spring returning. So one generation of men will grow while another dies† (6.146-50) Homer in the Iliad tells of generation after generation fighting to bring glory and honor to not only themselves, but their families. Generations are connected by men who have fought before and men who have yet to fight. Diomedes, after being asked of his lineage

The Concept of Intra-Union Conflict - 1572 Words

Introduction The concept of intra-union conflict is not much different from that of intra-group or intra-organizational conflict. However, before we delve into that argument, it is essential that we consider an authoritative view of the subject matter from the International Labour Organization (ILO). The ILO (2006) states that ‘Conflicts within the trade union movement’ is â€Å"A matter involving no dispute between the government and the trade unions, but which involves a conflict within the trade union movement itself, is the sole responsibility of the parties themselves.† This definition implies that trade unions like most other social organizations are prone to internal disputes and struggles. This is so because, as an ‘organization†¦show more content†¦According to Wahlig, in either type of intragroup conflict, members are at risk of damaging personal relationships and failing to achieve common goals or objectives. In the context of trade unions, this could mean for example, distracting group members from being assertive during collective bargaining negotiations with management. Causes of Intra-union conflict The sources of intra-union conflict could be either internal or external. In the words of www.etu.org.za: Causes or sources of organizational conflict can be many and varied. The most common causes are the following: †¢ scarcity of resources (finance, equipment, facilities, etc) †¢ different attitudes, values or perceptions †¢ disagreements about needs, goals, prioritiesShow MoreRelatedSidney Milkis Argues That. Fdr And His New Deal Coalition,1160 Words   |  5 Pagesdomestic policy. The presentation of his economic-constitutional plan was the beginning the fight that FDR knew he would face when it came to party politics and dissension. FDR’s desire to â€Å"purge† and reform the party system was based on a belief that intra-party battles where the cause for the dysfunctionality in American politics and its inefficiency of mobilization to needed change. Tensions between Progressives and Traditional Democrats FDR’s New Deal programs greatly expanded the size, scopeRead MoreEu vs Nafta1729 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The paper addresses important concerns of the European Union and the NAFTA, NAFTA’s functional structure. A brief introduction if NAFTA and EU confront one another. Executive Summary Some would doubt that the formation of NAFTA was the American response to the European Single Act that formed the EU, which is made up of 27 countries. There is nothing to gain for both the blocs. However in some areas, â€Å"peaceful co-existence† and some form of â€Å"stricter ties† between the EU and NAFTA wouldRead MoreSecurity Is A Threat Of Security1493 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy of the threat, use, and control of military force† (Walt 1991: 212). Additionally, another critical component to neo-realist conceptions of security is its state-centric approach. While neo-realists recognise that states are not perpetually in conflict, the international system is inherently conflictual due to its anarchical nature. As states are viewed as the primary actors, threats are thereby perceived as committed by states, against states. This state-centric approach to security is so ingrainedRead MoreUse Of Persuasion For Manipulative Purposes Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pagesinstrumental aggression, which involves trying to halt another aggression, and hostile aggression whereby the perpetrator seeks to verbally harm other people (Bushman Anderson, 2001). Conversely, aggressive cues refer to the objects that cause concepts related to aggression in one’s mind through cognition. These may include images and words contained in a medium of communication, such as radio, TV, or video games. 5.2 Pro-Social Behavior This is the kind of behavior that people portray with theRead More Civil War Poetry Essay1571 Words   |  7 PagesCivil War Poetry The American Civil War and the Spanish Civil War were primarily wars of principle. The conflicts represented a critical point for each respective nation, a time of either death or continuation for the countries. Both Whitman and Neruda exibit a key shared element in the poets works of the concept of a cosmic rebirth illustrated in their poetry through a celebration of the perpetual cycle of life and death fostering optimism. This mutual philosophy is manifested in NerudaRead MoreReligion Is A Controversial Issue2368 Words   |  10 Pagescontroversial issue in world affairs. Particularly in Africa, religion has been at the heart of much of the contemporary conflicts. Religion is often depicted as a trigger factor in many conflicts. Religion is also often seen as a tool to mobilize people during conflicts but n many parts of the world people practicing different religions live in peace and harmony without any conflict emanating from religious disagreements. People are reactive about issues of religion because they forms part of an individual’sRead MoreUnited Nations Role in Conflict Management in Africa: a Case Study of Darfur11729 Words   |  47 PagesBACKGROUND Conflict is a naturally inevitable part of human life worldwide1. It exists in all relationships, groups, culture and every level of social structure. Although, conflict is often uncomfortable and energy consuming, it can be a positive force for change and bring an otherwise stagnant relationship out of dormancy into a new life and vitality. Conflict is therefore an outcome of human interaction as a result of disagreement between individuals, parties or states. A conflict situation isRead MoreBanking, Money and Finance, Article Analysis Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagesregional entities that aim at promote economies, monetary and cooperation financial, they do not have the powers and authority of the Europe institutions. On the theory of optimum currency area (OCA), the relative share of the nature of shocks, intra-regional trade, flexibility of factor markets, and economies of scale theory of the participating countries are the significant factors for determine the advantages and costs of monetary integration. The lack of information of East Asia’s corporationsRead MoreEqual Rights of American Muslims in Various Sectors1782 Words   |  7 Pagesoccurs because of their religion and the concept of Islamophobia. As compared to the previous years, Muslims are more likely to lose security clearances today than Jews. There are various high-profile Muslims who have lost security clearance though they were employed by the federal government. Some of these people have also been denied the opportunity to contest the revocation of their clearances with the respective bodies like the American Civil Liberties Union failing to provide the reasons for theRead MoreRegional Integration : Advantages And Disadvantages3234 Words   |  13 PagesTrade agreements started growing increasingly popular in the early nineties, since then the growth in the number of agreements has rocketed due to the attractive benefits, such as tariff free trading (Fukase Martin, 2001, p.72-74). The European Union which h as many countries increasingly joining will be assessed and the crisis which affected the regional bloc. A conclusion will be drawn upon based upon the literature and evidence that has been found by the author. Only then can an argument be made

Enforceability of Verbal Promises

Question: Describe about the Enforceability of Verbal Promises. Answer: A contract is, basically speaking, an embodiment of promises. Sometimes, these promises culminate into the vesting of rights and obligations to parties of the given contract. As a result, it is essential to consider when the provisions or terms of a contract can be considered enforceable. As is the standard norm, contracts are usually written. However, the law of contracts has taken into consideration the idea of cases where apparent suits have been pursued on the basis of unwritten or verbal promises or contracts. This is the basis of this treatise. The paper addressed the concept of verbal promises in contract law, the application and exclusions to the application of the parole evidence rule as well as collateral contracts. Finally, the paper will make a summative and symmetrical presentation of how the parole evidence role and collateral contracts relate to the enforceability of verbal statements. Whereas actions in Assumpsit (breach of promise) are all part of the doctrine of consideration, the same concepts have elicited tremendous and mixed reactions from various quarters on the applicability, relevance and broad discretionary privileges left open to courts. In Australian law, the doctrine of consideration is relevant in the sense that it avers certain promises are unenforceable. It is not generally uncommon to come across various parties to a potential contract making rash promises. Often, these promises are made verbally and with little or no realization as to the fact that they could be legally binding. Nonetheless, it must be stated that whereas some verbally made promises are enforceable, a number of other promises are equally unenforceable. The downside of verbal agreements and promises is that they are hard to prove. Such prove must, inter alia, be inclusive of the necessary evidence to prove the actual existence of the agreement or promises besides laying bare all the proof of the actual terms and conditions. In the absence of written or recorded evidence to prove such terms, all that will be left will be one partys word against that of the other. As a matter of recommendation, verbal contracts stand a better chance of enforcement if they are at least accompanied by some written record, chronology or even a diary. These documents lend credence to claims of the existence of a promise and the terms therein. Parole Evidence Rule The parole rule, on the other hand is a common law doctrinal appendage whose tenets thrive in the supposition that a written instrument- being and intended by parties to an agreement as the final depiction of the agreement they have reached- cannot be subjected to challenges and suits whose basic and bottom line content and evidence contradicts or fundamentally modifies the said instrument. This doctrine avers that once a written instrument has been validly sealed- as a show of credibility, it follows that the instrument is authentic and indisputably so. A number of cases, for example the Sharington v. Strottonindelibly confirms this doctrine by holding that on a scale of value and importance, a sealed document has a higher value than any other adducible evidence. In England, for example, the parole evidence rule was lauded to be an important step towards establishing legal certainty. In Contract law, on the other hand, various circles of professionals and legal practitioners have held a long standing perception that the rule has been a major contributor to endless legal confusion. This is particularly in regard to the diverging ways in which precedent holds the rule. Various court decisions do not seem to point to some particular direction in terms of uniformity in interpretation of the rule. However in Common law, as is the norm and standard in multiple common wealth jurisdictions, the parole evidence rule has be often subjected to two approaches at the time of consideration as a matter of justifying it: firstly, the parties must have been demonstrated to have wished that the instrument be their final manifestation of their intents and agreements which in simple terms renders all other previous agreements to be voidable and of unenforceable nullity- and. The parties must also depict the fact that the document is to be interpreted in such a way as to hold in honor the final understanding. Secondly, the instrument constructed between the parties as a depiction of their final understanding must be held to of a higher jurisprudential value than other pieces of evidence that may be adduced to contradict, modify or even disprove the instrument. The Australian approach to contracting as been basically objective which- on face value- advocates for a complete rejection of the consideration of the subjective intentions of the parties involved in a contract. This means, as is expounded in the Codelfa Constr. Pty. Ltd. v. State Rail Auth. of New South Wales case, that extrinsic evidence is excluded in consideration of parole evidence. In the case, certain portions of the judgment shed more light on when inclusions of evidence of surrounding circumstances were made. Mason Js decision was an emboldening of the plain meaning mode of interpreting contracts where the meaning of a contract derived from other sources would be discarded if the contracts wording was sufficiently plain. By actual adoption of the objective approach, Australian Courts have been careful not to disallow the admission of enough background information to the contract so as to be able to build or construct a reasonable scenario of contracting parties and the agreements that led to the final agreement as the original parties would. It is a kind of a simulation involving parties and the agreement which is designed to shed more light what- in actual circumstances- would be considered to be reasonable. Sometimes, the value attached to final instruments written to express the final understanding and agreement between parties may be a source of legal uncertainty- the very tenet that the instruments are designed to address. The meanings, terms and references of the document may not be easy to interpret. As a result, basing only on the document to interpret the document may prove to be time consuming and often parties will disagree on what can be implied from the document. The case of Pac. Gas Elec. Co. v. G.W. Thomas Drayage Rigging Coexemplifies this position. This is particularly relevant in instances where the words f the document o not necessarily convey the meaning that way originally intended by parties to an agreement. In a more relevant consideration, Australias legal system- being a derivative of the British system- embraces the application of the parole evidence rule but with exceptions. In Australia, the position is that the rule is applicable unless in instances where a claimant can substantively prove that the written instrument or document was not actually intended to embody the contract in its entirety. The case of Gordon v. McGregorIis a perfect example of a situation where a claimants persistent view was that the document- even though indisputable on the basis of its authenticity- was not actually meant to exemplify the whole contract. The bottom line is that a written document- once it is proved to have successfully met all the mandatory facets of a credible contract- cannot be allowed to be varied, edited or modified in the matter of its terms. It shall stand as a clear indication and the most fundamental piece of evidence of the intents of the parties. It is construed to mean that it holds the ideal terms understanding and positions of the parties to the contract and as a result, varying or modifying the document will be considered to be injurious to the parties final understanding. Conversely, as is the trend in England, Australian Courts have maintained a significant basis for exceptions to the application of the parole evidence rule- albeit with appreciable variations. For instance, whenever the terms of the agreement were considered doubtful, it followed subsequently that the Court would consider the ulterior motives of the contractual parties. This is a significant shift from the English exclusion to the rule where such consideration of the contractual parties behaviors wouldnt be considered- in the absolute sense. This position was given attention in the case of Codelfa Constr. Pty. Ltd. v. State Rail Auth. of New South Walesand was further augmented by the high court in the case Royal Botanic Gardens Domain Trust v. South Sydney City Council. It was held that the rule would subject to exclusions where the written document was constructed with ambiguity or worse still, where the documents interpretation would be subject to more than a single meaning. In Australia, the ratification of the CISG heralded an era of further debacles in relation to the application and interpretation of the parole rule. Partiular grounds for incompatibility in application of the rule were laid. A sample case in point to illustrate this point is the South Sydney District Rugby League v. News Ltd. Case where the implied meanings of the terms in the written document that were basically premised on the presumed intents of the parties to the contract were discussed. Nevertheless, as in the norm in Australia, courts will normally consider not only the words of a written contract, but also consider the intended meaning of the contract terms and the corresponding legal significance and or effect. The consideration, in this context- would entail a detailed review of what the contract says. This is considered on the basis of individual words which later culminate into deciphering the entire wording of the document so as to lay bare the contents, terms and conditions of the contract. As is evident from precedent, courts are- sometimes- forced to look at the evidence that regards the surrounding circumstance of the contract as a way of reaching a conclusive, relevant and credible decision as to the exact rendering of the contractual terms and obligations. The evidence, in this sense, of the surrounding will often be used to reach decisions on the exact intents, purpose and origin of the contract. There is a raging debate, at this point, on when courts can revert to the use of evidence of the surrounding circumstances so as to aid the interpretation of contracts. This, of course, does not in any way accord disproportionate weight to contractual negotiations and agreements prior to the formulation and formulation of the actual contract as a final understanding. The idea is that where a written instrument can independently be interpreted, such interpretation must not be subject to other interpretations derived from other sources. Those other sources begin to only emerge on the ladder of significance when it can be proved that indeed the primary document is shrouded with ambiguity, haziness of terms or even outright incoherence of the terms of the contract. Collateral Contracts Collateral contracts are those contracts whose consideration is the actual entry in another entirely different contract and therefore exists on a side-by side basis. The contract may exist between one party to the main contract and another third party. For instance is a third party pays a party to some contract so as to make entry and reflect the payment in the main contract, it qualifies to be a collateral contract. In the Barry v Davies t/as Heathcote Ball Cocase, for example, it was held the relationship between an auctioneer and some other buyer was primarily collateral in nature. In some cases, however, a collateral contract may exist between parties of the same contract (main contract), insofar as the content and terms of the collateral contract do not contradict- in any way- the contents of the main contract. This provision is, however, hard to prove especially if one cannot adequately and reasonable prove that the collateral contract was agreed on prior to the completion and finalization o f the main contract. It must be grasped that a given collateral contract that significantly varies and or supplements the key provisions of a main contract ought to be supported by an independent and separate consideration so as to make it strand on its own as a contract. This also ensures that is enforceable in law. Relating the Doctrine of Parole Evidence Rule and Collateral Contracts to the Enforceability of Verbal Promises As has been examined in this discourse, parole evidence rule is chiefly concerned with giving preeminence to written instruments over verbal ones. This means, in the light of the suppositions of the rule of parole, verbal statements are inadmissible. This, however, is subject to exceptions. Where the contents and terms of a contract are vague and ambiguous, it is within the discretionary privilege of courts to consider evidence of the surrounding circumstances. At this point, it is arguable to state that verbal promises can then be considered. Again, these verbal promises must be weighed on a scale of relevance so as to ensure that the promises meet the pre determined criterion of constructing and indeed construing a contract. On the other hand, collateral contracts (which may be verbal) must be supported with some credible and separate consideration. This qualifies it to be considered as a separate contract. When considered thus, it will be hopeful and helpful for the potential quest for remedies that would actually b denied when considered in the context of a main contract. So collateral contracts are an alternative that accords enormous opportunities for court remedies and reprieve for aggrieved parties- something that wouldnt be so in main contracts. References Arthur L Corbin, Corbin on Contracts (2nd ed, 1960) 465. 59 Arthur L Corbin, The Parol Evidence Rule (1944) 53 Yale Law Journal 603, 6078 Barry v Davies t/as Heathcote Ball Co[2001] 1 All ER 944; [2000] 1 WLR 1962). Codelfa Constr. Pty. Ltd. v. State Rail Auth. of New South Wales (1982) 149 C.L.R. 337 Gabriel A. Moens, Lisa Cohn Darren Peacock, Australia, in A NEW APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS (M.J. Bonell ed., 1999). According to Section 66A of the Trade Practices Act 1974, the CIGs preeminence over the provisions of the Trade Practices Act is established. Gordon v. McGregor (1909) 8 C.L.R . 316. J J Savage Sons Pty Ltd v Blakney(1970) 119 CLR 435 Mercantile Bank of Sydney v. Taylor (1891) 12 L.R. (N.S.W.) 252,262, aft'd, [1893] A.C. 317. Pacific Gas Electric Co v GW Thomas Drayage Rigging Co, 69 Cal 2d 33 (Cal, 1968) (Traynor J). Prenn v Simmonds [1971] 3 All ER 237, 239241, Susan J Martin-Davidson, Yes, Judge Kozinski, There Is a Parol Evidence Rule in California: The Lessons of a Pyrrhic Victory (1995) 25 Southwestern University Law Review 1. 78 Codelfa (1982) 149 CLR 337, 351 Sharington v. Strotton, (1565) 75 Eng. Rep. 454 (K.B.) Shore v. Wilson, (1842) 8 Eng. Rep. 450. Royal Botanic Gardens Domain Trust v. South Sydney City Council (2002) 186 A.L.R. 289, 293) The Parol Evidence Rule: Is It Necessary?, 44 N.Y.U. L. REv. 972, 972 (1969) Tony Cole, Scalia and the Institutional Approach to Law (2003) 34 University of Toledo Law Review 559. Trident Center v Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, 847 F 2d 564 (9th Cir, 1988). Val D Ricks The Sophisticated Doctrine of Consideration (2000) 9 GMLR 99 at 102.Val D Ricks The Sophisticated Doctrine of Consideration (2000) 9 GMLR 99 at 102. Sharington v. Strotton, (1565) 75 Eng. Rep. 454 (K.B.) Shore v. Wilson, (1842) 8 Eng. Rep. 450. The Parol Evidence Rule: Is It Necessary?, 44 N.Y.U. L. REv. 972, 972 (1969) Tony Cole, Scalia and the Institutional Approach to Law (2003) 34 University of Toledo Law Review 559. Pac. Gas Elec. Co. v. G.W. Thomas Drayage Rigging Co., 442 P.2d 641, 644 (Cal. 196 Gordon v. McGregor (1909) 8 C.L.R . 316.

Social Interaction Problems

Social interaction problems often affect all societies, big or small. Even in somewhat secluded and sparsely populated regions, they will experience challenges related to social interactions. The reason for this is because of the fact that every member of certain society staying near each other will have disagreements.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Interaction Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is almost impracticable to evade them and some people who stay together in the same building or house often do not get along effortlessly. Generally though, if social interaction challenges are talked about, they are likely to denote the problems which affect people staying together in a certain society (Mooney 14). In United States, some major social interaction problems comprises the increasing gap between rich and poor, joblessness, racism, family violence, and so forth. At times social problems come up when individuals have different views regarding how to solve particular situations such as unexpected pregnancy (Sherif and Brannigan 118). Some people may appear to support abortion to solve the issue, while other members of the society are in apposition to the idea. Different views on how to solve issues generate gaps in social groups. A perfect example which portrays social interaction is the youths in United States where indeed is reprehensible. United States is renowned as the supporter of expression yet they do not allow youths from expressing themselves by stating that what they will suggest is lewd or degenerated. United States, which practices diversity and tolerance, has set up some equal and prejudicial set of rules for young citizens which if they defy them they will end up getting punished. Some matters may be noted as a subject of social interaction failure. Hip hop culture, drug misuse, abortion, and gay marriages are some social elements which lag the country from being capable of incorporating and efficiently have Social Interaction with the young citizens (Mooney 14). However, it is the liability of all members of the society, provided their maturity and knowledge, to appreciate the young people. Rather than continuous disapproval and ridicule, they should permit them to incorporate in their own manner in the social system. It is also significant that social challenges influence the interaction with communities which can result in international issues or problems. The way in which U.S. are handling the issues of developing country can have impact on the relationship with that country and other countries in the world for years to come (Sherif and Brannigan 118). Although the United States had a great support of creating a Jewish State in Israel, its support generated a huge relationship gaps with some Arabic countries.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Autism is not a particular disorder but a compound set of behaviors which normally surface around age two. Children experiencing autism usually have social interaction challenges and undertake recurring, apparently obsessive routines. In United States, studies carried out by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that around 1 in 100 kids are with Autism, which is far above formerly thought (Sherif and Brannigan 118). The very state of social interaction problems proposes that the community is the problem itself. There is no country which has created a perfect society where all can freely express themselves and where no social challenges exist. The people themselves are the blockade for this change and as many state that perfection may not be attainable goal. Works Cited Mooney, Linda. Understanding Social Problems. North Shore: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Sherif, Muzafer and Augustine Brannigan. Social interaction: process and products. New Y ork: Transaction Publishers, 2011. Print. This essay on Social Interaction Problems was written and submitted by user Charles B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Columbus Trial essays

Columbus Trial essays I found Christopher Columbus innocent of genocide. I came to this conclusion because the testimony from Columbus said he did not kill. He admitted that his crew did, but he himself didnt. So, I ask myself, how could he have wiped out an entire cultural group? No, because they are still here today, a few. I dont think the prosecution hit genocide as much as it needed to be touched upon. I found Christopher Columbus guilty of torture. The slave was a living example of how Columbus exhibited torture. I think that Christopher Columbuss testimony was solid, but I think I need to take into account that the charges are against him. The slave would have no reason to lie in court if Columbus was innocent. I found Columbus innocent of murder. There is no proof that Columbus committed murder. So I think I will take Christopher Columbus at his word. He said his crew did, but he didnt. So we can concur that perhaps all the deaths that occurred during that time were not due to him, but to his crew. I found Columbus innocent of spreading STDs. I believe he is innocent simply because the evidence presented by the defense was more than enough to convince me. A doctor diagnosed Columbus with no diseases. Columbus said in his testimony that he had no intimate relationships with anyone. Not to mention the fact that during this time science was slow, meaning no one knew all that much about it, so the knowledge of STDs must have been little. I found Columbus innocent of theft. The land he took gold from did not belong to anyone, so its not stealing. I found Columbus innocent of crimes against humanity. Columbus was a benefit to many people, such as the Jews. Columbus was undoubtedly a religious man and didnt commit crimes against humanity. ...

Chinese Empress Si Ling-Chi Discovered How to Make Silk

Chinese Empress Si Ling-Chi Discovered How to Make Silk About 2700-2640 B.C.E., the Chinese began making silk. According to Chinese tradition, the part-legendary emperor, Huang Di (alternately Wu-di or Huang Ti) invented the methods of raising silkworms and spinning silk thread. Huang Di, the Yellow Emperor, is also credited as the founder of the Chinese nation, creator of humanity, founder of religious Taoism, creator of writing, and inventor of the compass and the pottery wheel all foundations of culture in ancient China. The same tradition credits not Huang Di, but his wife Si Ling-Chi (also known as Xilingshi or Lei-tzu), with discovering silk-making itself, and also the weaving of silk thread into fabric. One legend claims that Xilingshi was in her garden when she picked some cocoons from a mulberry tree and accidentally dropped one into her hot tea. When she pulled it out, she found it unwound into one long filament. Then her husband built on this discovery, and developed methods for domesticating the silkworm and producing silk thread from the filaments processes that the Chinese were able to keep secret from the rest of the world for more than 2,000 years, creating a monopoly on silk fabric production. This monopoly led to a lucrative trade in silk fabric. The Silk Road is so named because it was the trading route from China to Rome, where silk cloth was one of the key trade items. Breaking the Silk Monopoly But another woman helped to break the silk monopoly. About 400 C.E., another Chinese princess, on her way to be married to a prince in India, is said to have smuggled some mulberry seeds and silkworm eggs in her headdress, allowing silk production in her new homeland. She wanted, the legend says, to have silk fabric easily available in her new land. It was then only a few more centuries until the secrets had been revealed to Byzantium, and in another century, silk production began in France, Spain, and Italy. In another legend, told by Procopius, monks smuggled Chinese silkworms to the Roman Empire. This broke the Chinese monopoly on silk production. Lady of the Silkworm For her discovery of the silk-making process, the earlier empress is known as  Xilingshi or  Si Ling-chi, or Lady of the Silkworm, and is often identified as a goddess of silk-making. The Facts The silkworm is a native to northern China.  It is the larva, or caterpillar, stage of a fuzzy moth (Bombyx). These caterpillars feed on mulberry leaves.  In spinning a cocoon to encase itself for its transformation, the silkworm exudes a thread from its mouth and winds this around its body.  Some of these cocoons are preserved by the silk growers to produce new eggs and new larva and thus more cocoons.  Most are boiled.  The process of boiling loosens the thread and kills the silkworm/moth.  The silk farmer unwinds the thread, often in a single very long piece of about 300 to about 800 meters or yards, and winds it onto a spool.  Then the silk thread is woven into a fabric, a warm and soft cloth.  The cloth takes dyes of many colors including bright hues.  The cloth is often woven with two or more threads twisted together for elasticity and strength. Archaeologists suggest that the Chinese were making silk cloth in the Longshan period, 3500 -  2000 BCE.

International Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Trade - Essay Example Electrolux is an established brand of the Company, and a mature product in its portfolio. It has gained critical acclaim for meeting most of the customers’ functional needs. Electrolux Tumble Dryer is a product of an American firm and it is sought to be marketed in India through Electrolux label as its product. The game plan is to capture the Indian market for this line of products through a well conceived Disruptive Marketing Strategy. A comparative study of all existing players in the field and observation of emerging trends with potential to impact the market in the coming few years forms the bedrock of this strategy. Thus this Document will be a crucial turning point in the Business History of the Company. The Document examines the position of Electrolux Brand in the context of the Indian Market. It also looks at the Tumble dryer for its strengths and weaknesses and their potential impact on the Indian customer preference. A study of the Market Plan reveals that the merits possessed by Electrolux Tumbler Dryers closely match the needs of a large number of Target markets. The Plan sets targets for Electrolux to penetrate the Indian Market and the ways to do so. This Document identifies some of the major points essential for making an objective analysis of the Indian Market scene with regard to the introduction of this American product. 1.1 Potential Market Size There is an assumption that the developed market of India, with its existing structural setting will control the market position for Tumble dryers. The market is composed of Manufactures from abroad producing in India, Importers, Whole sale traders and retailers. Many of the Foreign Manufacturers are also their own importers. The Wholesale traders generally have composite inventory consisting of several competing products or other allied goods of the same manufacturers. Retail trade also works on the same lines, (Koch, 2001). Some Retailers have significant presence in the retail market. Tumble Dryers are not seen sold in dependent retail shops in India because this product is not yet popular in the society. But survey shows they are willing to prepare and be ready for special orders. Independent shop owners account for about 80% of the Indian Retail Market and the remaining 20% is shared by several different channels. A review of the market in India shows that no proper distribution network is present for Tumble dryers. The potential customers are not even well informed of the existence of the product and its unique advantages. Available purchase points also do not seem to be educating the potential buyers about the product, (Huang, & Sternquist, 2007). Retail Stores in India are very few in number and the Managers do not have any effective stay in the choice of products that make up their stock in trade. International; products are not marketed in this kind of set up. They are sold through Retail Chains where centralized decision making ensures that the shops are invari ably supplied the product in adequate quantity, depending on sales. Therefore introduction of Electrolux Tumbler Dryer to the Indian market may appear to be starting with a disadvantage. Another problem is that the product requires its own, dedicated Gas supply channel.

Good Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Good Leader - Essay Example However, all leaders possess certain common qualities that help them to perform their role. If an organization has proper leaders with a vision that they can articulate and implement in various situations, their management is considered to be well-organized (Hesburgh, N.D). These are the essentials for an organization to succeed and reach new heights. The position of the managers, supervisor, lead etc. does not make a leader; it simply makes you the boss. A boss is the one who just assigns tasks for everyone; while a leader motivates each and everyone to achieve those goals and make them want to do a certain task given (Hakala, 2008). Leaders also do not restrict the employees or people working under them to follow the certain method prescribed by them; they give them a chance to brainstorm and use a method that is mutually beneficial for them and the organization. This augments the intellectual capabilities of the employees and the thrill of choosing to do whatever method they want, as far as it is appropriate, motivates them and increases not only their efficiency and productivity, but also their devotion and commitment to the organization. No doubt, a company is run by the company heads, CEOs, Managing Directors followed by general managers or department heads, but the work that is to be performed is to be carried out by the e mployees to a very large extent. Therefore, once their confidence and loyalty for the company is gained with enough stimulation within them, a company can run very smoothly and flourish in the future. The core functions of management are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning is to develop and design the goals of the company depending upon the objectives; organizing is to divide and assign tasks to every worker depending upon his rank; leading is to monitor employees and motivate them in different capacities required; and controlling is to bring about the change required within the management for the improvement of the company's performance. Thus, we can judge that leadership is a very crucial part of management. A company can be well-structured and reap profits if proficient leadership is available. It is a concept that good management is to resolve problems; however, good management is to be able to resolve problems in such a way that they are prevented in the future (Reh, 2006). If each problem is tackled following this pattern, an unsuccessful business can surely transform into a successful one. A good leader is expected to have certain qualities that benefit the organization directly or indirectly. Integrity is an important quality of a leader - the inner values and the outward actions are the same, that is, there is no hypocrisy involved. This will result in honest dealings that will augment the goodwill of a company, making it popular. A leader needs to be dedicated to his company; his passion and commitment to the company will motivate him to make arduous efforts for the enhancement of the company. Magnanimity is critical because the leader tends to give the credit for a good performance to the deserving person. Such rewards and acknowledgements becomes and incentive for the employees to struggle and work harder, indirectly benefiting the company. A leader should be down to earth and should have humility - this will prevent him to self-centered and

Gender Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Gender Discrimination Essay Gender discrimination is an important issue in the workplace in today’s world. Female employees are facing gender discrimination in the form of different dimensions. This discrimination is disturbing their performance. The main aim of this study is to see the effect of these gender discrimination dimensions which include glass ceiling, salary gap and discrimination in facilities on the productivity of female employees with the mediating effect of job commitment and job satisfaction. The research is focused on the private education sector. The population frame is the female teachers in the private education institutes. A sample of 130 female teachers is collected for this study. The framework is developed for our study for checking the impact of glass ceiling, salary gap and discrimination in facilities on the productivity of female employees. The hypotheses are developed and after the data analysis some of the hypothesis are rejected and some of the hypothesis are not rejected. The hypotheses that the glass ceiling, discrimination in facilities and salary gap has negative impact on employee productivity is accepted which made us to conclude that these discrimination has a big impact on employee productivity and ultimately organizational performance. This study will give some guidelines to the managers and policy makers in any organization that how to reduce these discriminations. Key words: Gender discrimination, Glass ceiling, Employee productivity, salary gap, discrimination in facilities, job satisfaction, job commitment, Paper type: Research Paper 1. Introduction 1.1 Significance/Rationales of study The study came up with the solutions to the problem of gender discrimination at work place. This study will help the people to be aware of this dominating problem of gender discrimination and its reasons. This study can also identify the positive and negative effects of discrimination on the world of business and personal lives of people. Gender discrimination is a wide phenomenon which is affecting every political, social and economic life. In this era where everyone think that there should be equal rights for men and women, there are some occurrences of people who are being discriminated because of their gender. It is not an issue, which one can easily tolerate or ignore. Gender discrimination is understood as the unequal treatment against people of either sex, but statistics shows that women are the one who are more discriminated just being a female (Lila Adhikari, 2008). Gender issues were first pointed out in 1950s, but it’s been highlighted in organization and management studies in between 1980s and 1990s. In this duration many studies on effect of gender discrimination on employees were conducted. One study shows that gender discrimination is inversely proportional to job commitment and satisfaction which means it reduces the employee’s productivity which ultimately affects the organizational productivity (Zahid Ali Channar, 2011). Many factors have been identified which are responsible for gender discrimination in work place, which are education, promotion, marriage and child bearing and environment. If we look in context of promotion, a wide practice used is glass ceiling, a process by which women are not promoted to high level of jobs (Bell, 2002). Last year report issued by a commission of glass ceiling that shows that there are only 7 to 9 percent of managers that are in senior positions are women at fortune 1000 (kom and catalyst, 2012). 81 % employers dislike to hire a female. 49 % not carefully planning their careers to benefit women and above of all a survey tells that only 1 percent CEOs or even less than 1 percent take it as first concern, the development of women (Mauricio, 2012). 1.2 Problem Statement HRM in any organization is related to staffing, motivating and maintaining the organization (Decenzo, 1998). 50 years ago, due to homogeneity of work force the HRM was very simple, but now-a-days the workforce is heterogeneous. Managing this heterogeneity required such a staff that can create an equitable environment so that no group has any kind of advantage or disadvantage on other group (Wayne, 1995). Heterogeneity in workplace gave birth to gender discrimination, which has become an intense situation in Pakistan and affecting the employee’s productivity (Qaiser Abbas, 2011). An employee perform difficult tasks for the survival and improvement of organization but gender discrimination reduces the employee’s satisfaction, commitment and enthusiasm and increases the stress level which ultimately affects the productivity of an employee (Zahid Ali Channar, 2011). These studies did not discuss that how dimensions of gender discrimination effect the productivity of employee. The dimensions of gender discrimination include discrimination in promotions, discrimination in salary and discrimination in facilities provided. So there is a need to explore the effect of different dimensions of gender discrimination on the productivity of employee. 1.3 Aim of the study This study investigates that how different dimensions of gender discrimination effect the employee productivity. It would be helpful for any organization in the process of policy making which will ultimately increase the productivity of an organization. 1.4 Research Objectives 1) To identify that whether gender discrimination has an effect on productivity of employees in private educational institutes. 2) To explore how the productivity of employees is affected by gender discrimination in promotion, salary and facilities provided in private educational institutes. 3) To examine the results of the survey. 4) To recommend some reformed measures to the policy makers for the future. 1.5 Research Questions 1) What is relation between the employee productivity and gender discrimination? 2) What is effect of gender discrimination in promotion, salary and facilities on the performance of an employee? 2. Literature Review This literature view is based on the evaluation of gender discrimination on employee’s productivity. The gender discrimination now exist most of the organization around the world. Gender discrimination may exist in different dimensions like discrimination in promotions, facilities and Salaries. In simple words gender discrimination can be defined as the unfair treatment or behavior based on gender. It is said to occur when an individual’s decision is based on gender. Gender discrimination was attempted to define by no law. If we look in the perspective of employment, it is giving more advantage to a particular group (Wayne, 1995). This thing results in the decreased productivity of employees. 2.1 Gender Discrimination in Global Perspective The first form of discrimination was found by the universal declaration of human rights (1948). Gender discrimination is now a social disease which is destroying the lives of women around the world. Sen (1991) shows us that if equal treatment and opportunities were given then there should be more 100 million females than are presently alive. Many steps were taken to eliminate the gender discrimination but none of them was proved to be effective. The Beijing conference that documented 12 most prominent areas of discrimination was a big step in eliminating the gender discrimination (UNFPA, 2005). It is proved from the studies that gender discrimination has an influence on the employee productivity. A study shows that if there is a proper policy of gender discrimination there will be a change in employee’s productivity (Naqi Abbas, 2010). 2.2 Glass Ceiling Women in workplace face a wide practice called glass ceiling. This is a practice in which women are ignored when making a promotion policy or promoting an employee. We can see that in every organization the executive posts are held by males. According to a study only 3 percent of the most paid executives are female and these posts are disproportionately held by men (Healy and Zukka, 2004). Women are mostly entrusted in small projects not the big one. They are being kept deprived from international assignment which is keeping away from their promotions. Nick (1991) had conducted the study on international careers of women. His study clearly shows that there is a glass ceiling effect. Women are not being encouraged to do new projects on new markets and they are being kept at junior manager positions. Gender discrimination is not directly related to productivity. The relation of employee productivity and gender discrimination is mediated by job satisfaction and job commitment. Employees who faces policies and practices of gender discrimination show less satisfaction with their job (Ensher et al, 2001). When individuals’ face gender discrimination in workplace they show a low level of job commitment so gender discrimination has a negative relation with job commitment and job satisfaction (Sharon Foley, 2005). Gender discrimination creates tension and reduces the satisfaction of people and it is the study of 139 Hispanic male and female (Sanchez, 1996). The productivity of a happy worker is higher than an unhappy worker (Rabins, 1999,). Employee satisfaction plays a vital role in its productivity and there is a significant relation of job satisfaction with employee productivity (Pushpakumari, 2008). Job satisfaction lead to organizational responsibility, mental health and finally employee productivity (Coomber, 2007). Another study shows us that the organizations who perceive greater gender discrimination report less satisfaction and commitment (Ellen A. Ensher, 2001). The hypotheses are given below: 1) Glass ceiling has negative impact on employee productivity. 2) Glass ceiling is negatively related with employee productivity. 3) Job Satisfaction is positively related with employee productivity. 4) Job satisfaction mediates the relation between gender discrimination in promotions and employee productivity. 2.3 Discrimination in facilities In a workplace an employee is provided with many facilities which helps them to complete their task which include computers, air conditioners, assistant and transport facilities etc. If on a work place if such kind of facilities are provided to a male employee and not provided to a female employee of a same post. The female employee will start to think that the upper management don’t care about them which will increase their stress level and the satisfaction level of that employee cold be decreased which will affect the employee’s productivity. The hypotheses are given below: 1) Gender discrimination in facilities has negative impact on employee productivity. 2) Gender discrimination in facilities is negatively related with job satisfaction. 3) Job Satisfaction mediates the relationship between gender discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. 2.4 Salary Gap Another dimension of discrimination is the Salary gap. Women usually get low pay then men in any job they are appointed. Ashraf and Ashraf (1993) study shows that there is a gap of 63.27 percent in salary in 1979, and in 1986 it decreases to 33.09 percent. This was the decline in every province. Discrimination is not the phenomenon of one or two countries, it exist in most of the developed countries like USA. A study showed that women dietitians in USA earn 45,258 dollars per year while men earn 50,250 dollars per year (Pollard, 2007). Managers at top level in organization mostly prefer their own interest rather than others. They think that superiors who have power on their careers will support them. According to Susan et al (1998) mostly top managers in any organization are the people who are more biased against females and these people save interest of their own. The study shows that job commitment is significant related with productivity, there exist high degree of correlation between commitment and productivity. Individuals that are highly committed proved to be more productive and have higher satisfaction and have no intention to leave the job rather than employee with low job commitment (Varsha, 2012). The hypotheses are given below: 1) Salary gap has negative impact on employee productivity. 2) Salary gap is negatively related with job commitment 3) Job Commitment is positively related with employee productivity 4) Job Commitment mediates the relation between salary gap and employee productivity. 2.5 Gender discrimination in Pakistan Pakistan is also one of the countries where gender discrimination is seen in most of the organizations. We all know Pakistan is a male dominating society and women are being treated unfairly in every field of profession. Gender discrimination has spread its root from public organizations to private organizations. Women are being kept at low level jobs and they are not promoted to high posts due to biasness of top level managers and policy makers. A study by Ghizala Kazi (2011) shows us that no women in the public organizations are in the scale of 20 or more. There are very few women above scale 15. Most of the women are under 15th scale, which shows the situation of discrimination in Pakistan. Many factors for this situation were identified like education, promotion, environment, child bearing and discrimination. If such kinds of discrimination is eliminated than the productivity of these women employees could be increased. There are evidences that the promotion of gender equality leads to a better performance and improved economy of concerned society. The societies who have greater female employment opportunities are less corrupt and have better governance (Klasen, 2006). This is not the end of discriminations in Pakistan. A women employee is also discriminated in Salary, which is a basic right of an employee that he should get compensated according to his work and post. In Pakistan you will see men and women working on same job level but different pay. In the report of poverty in Pakistan it is clearly proved that majority of women are concentrated in low paid jobs with very few opportunity for moving upward (Shah et al, 2004). If we look in the export industries of Pakistan which is a backbone in measurement of economy of Pakistan we will see the similar situation of discrimination. The study of Siddique (2006) surveyed the industries of export that are in Karachi, Sialkot and Faisalabad. The results from this study confirms the gender discrimination and shows that men were getting 20 percent more than then women working at the same post. It was also concluded that adjustment policies and change in labor market has a negative impact on females. To have maximum output from women employee the organizational culture of discrimination should be changed. Organizational culture affects the performance of employee. Organizational environment and culture can make the workplace attractive and supportive for a female employee. Attitudes of peers and support from family are also very significant for the female employee (Irfan, 2009). Many studies have discussed the gender discrimination as a general term but there is need to explore the discrimination in different dimensions and how these dimensions affect the productivity of employees. Gender discrimination has three dimensions which include discrimination in promotions, salary and facilities provided. So this study will be based on exploring the effect of dimensions of gender discrimination on productivity of employees. 3. Conceptual framework In the literature review of this topic the framework has been defined which show the relationship between the variables. Correlation is basically run to analyze the relationship between two or more variable. It also measure that how two variables move in relation to each other. It measures the strength and direction of linear relationship between two variables with respect to each other. The sign of the value shows the direction that whether it is negative or positive. Positive sign shows that the variables are moving in same direction means if one variable is increasing the other variable is also increasing and negative sign shows that if one variable is increasing then other variable is decreasing. The magnitude shows the intensity between variable. If the value is between 0.1 and 0.5 then the variables are weakly correlated. If the value is between 0.5 and 0.7 then the variables are moderately correlated. If the value is between 0.7 and 0.99 then the variables are strongly correlated. The value 1 shows the perfect correlation between variables. Table 5 shows the intensity and the direction of any two variables. Highest value of correlation is 0.753 which is between gender discrimination in facilities and glass ceiling. So the correlation between discrimination in facilities and glass ceiling is positive and strongly correlated. The relationship between DF and EP, and DF and JS, and JC and SG is negative. So it means that if you have more salary gap than your commitment to job will be less but its value is less than any else two variables, so we can say that job commitment will be less but with very small value, and if you have more discrimination in facilities then your productivity will be less. The remaining variables have positive relation with each other. The relationship is significant at 1% which means there are 99% chances that the relationship between all two variables will remain the same if the sample is changes and sample size and population remains same as shown in the table given below. 5.7 Regression This research is to check the effect of gender discrimination dimensions which are glass ceiling, salary gap and discrimination in facilities on the employee productivity. This research also includes two mediating variables job satisfaction and job commitment. Job satisfaction is mediating between glass ceiling and employee productivity and also discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. Job commitment is mediating between salary gap and employee productivity. For this 9 hypothesis were developed. For the purpose of checking the impact regression has been applied. The model has only one dependent variable so there will be one model of regression equation. There will be separate equation for mediating variable to check the mediating effect of variables between independent and dependent variable. In first model we run the regression equation between EP, GC, DF, SG, JC and Job satisfaction. 5.7.1 Regression Equation EP = 4.66 0.38GC 0.86DF 0.26SG + 0.017JC + 0.167JS The Above equation shows that if all the other variables remain unchanged or have value of zero then the productivity of employee remains at 14.66. It is the fixed value of employee productivity. The coefficient values tell the per unit change in the employee productivity so if we increase the value of GC, SG and DF then the value of employee productivity will decrease by 0.38, 0.86 and 0.26 respectively. If the value of job commitment increases by one then the value of employee productivity will increase by 0.017. The hypotheses of glass ceiling, discrimination in facilities and job satisfaction are accepted. If the value of job satisfaction is increased then the value of employee productivity will increase by 5.10 Kruskal Wallis Test The non-parametric test will be used that is kruskal-Wallis test. Whenever the assumption of levene test is not fulfilled the non-parametric test i.e. kruskal-Wallis test is used. So kruskal-Wallis test is applied to check the level of job commitment in the females who are earning less than 30,000 between 30,000 and 40,000 and more than 40,000. The table given below shows that the asymptotic value is greater than 0.05so test is insignificant. So there is no difference in the average of glass ceiling in all three populations. So we can conclude that there is no significant difference between the mean of all three population p = 0.509, with a mean rank of 73.45 for below 30,000, 65.20 for 30,000 to 40,000 and 73.00 for above 40,000. 6. Discussion This study is conducted to check the impact of gender discrimination on the productivity of employees. The study included three dimensions of gender discrimination that is discrimination in promotions, discrimination in facilities and discrimination in salary. With the help of previous studies it is found that all these discriminations have negative impact on employee productivity which is mention in literature view. The hypotheses were developed for this study. There are 12 hypotheses that are developed. First hypothesis is that glass ceiling has negative impact on employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked after entering the data into SPSS. He results show that glass ceiling does have negative impact on employee productivity. If women are not being promoted to higher job positions and if there is no such policies related to gender discrimination then the productivity of female employee decreases. Second hypothesis was that the glass ceiling is negatively related with job satisfaction. this hypothesis is checked through the correlation. The table 5 of correlation clearly shows that glass ceiling is negatively related with the job satisfaction and result is also significant so this hypothesis is supported. Third hypothesis is that the job satisfaction is positively related with the employee productivity. The table of correlation shows the positive relation between the two variables. So employee productivity increases as the job satisfactions continues to increase and if job satisfaction decreases the employee productivity also decreases. Fourth hypothesis is that the job satisfaction is mediating between glass ceiling and employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked through the mediation test which consists of four steps. This test did not support the hypothesis so this hypothesis is rejected. Fifth hypothesis is that the discrimination in facilities has negative impact on the employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked by regression. Discrimination in facilities has the negative impact on the employee productivity and it is also significant. So this hypothesis is also supported. The sixth hypothesis is that discrimination in facilities is negatively related with the job satisfaction. This hypothesis is supported because the correlation between them is negative in the table 5. So the discrimination in facilities increases then the satisfaction with the job decreases. The next hypothesis is that the job satisfaction plays the mediating role between the discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. This hypothesis is also checked by the mediation test the result is shown in the table 8 which shows that this hypothesis is not supported. It means that job satisfaction is not mediating between discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. The eights hypothesis that was developed is that salary gap has negative impact on the employee productivity. The hypothesis is not supported as it is checked by regression test which is shown in the table 6. It has negative impact but it is not significant means that if gap is more in salary then employee productivity decreases but not significantly. The ninth hypothesis is that salary gap is negatively related with job commitment. The hypothesis is checked with the correlation which is shown in the table 5 of correlation which shows that the relation between these two variables is negative. So salary gap reduces the job commitment of female employees. The next hypothesis that is developed is that the job commitment is positively related with the employee productivity. The relation is checked with the correlation and hypothesis is supported because results show that there is positive relation between salary gap and job commitment and it is significant. It means more job commitment the more employee productivity. The next hypothesis is that job commitment mediated the relation between the salary gap and employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked by the mediation test and it is not supported. The results show that job commitment does not play a mediating role between salary gap and employee productivity. The t test is also applied to check that whether the level of variables is also applicable on the population. The results are shown in the table 9. This table shows that all the values of p are significant so the level is also the same as the population. The level of job commitment is also checked in the three population related to different income groups that is below 30,000, 30,000-40,000 and more than 40,000. For this purpose the ANOVA is applied but for ANOVA the assumption of levene test should be fulfilled that is its value should be insignificant. The table 10 shows that levene test assumption is not fulfilled so the non-parametric test is used. The non-parametric test is the Kruskal-Willis test. This test is applied and the hypothesis is rejected as its asymptotic value is not significant. So it means that the there is no significant difference between the job commitment of females who are earning less than 30000, 30000-40000 and more than 40000. 7. Implication Through this study the impact of gender discrimination is checked on the employee productivity. The productivity of an employee is much important for an organization. So the management should consider the issue of gender discrimination as it is shown that the gender discrimination has negative impact on the employee productivity. As our sector for this research is the private education institutes which are very important sector for a developing countries so the management should consider reforming its policies. The management should make transparent, merit based recruitment and selection, it should also provide the training for better performance of female employee so that they can be promoted, they could be provided similarly facilities and different incentive so that they compete economically with the men as all these discriminations are effecting their productivity. 8. Limitation This study was only focused to the three dimensions of gender discrimination and employee productivity is the only variable that is measured that effect the productivity of organization. This research was only examining the education sector and the data was collected only from private institutions. The data was also 140 and it was collected only from the schools that are in the city area the educations institutes in the village was not collected so therefore the ability of generalizability of our findings were restricted and this can lead us to the biasness of respondents (Paul et al., 2003). 9. Conclusion This study provided an insight that how the dimensions of gender discrimination affect the productivity of employee. The data has been collected from different private education institutes through questionnaire. After the analysis that we have done on SPSS we can conclude that gender discrimination has a negative impact on the employee productivity which ultimately affect the performance of employee. The result of impact of salary gap on the employee productivity is not significant. So if the organizations want to perform well then they should keep the gender discrimination out of their organizations in order to make their female employees perform well which will be beneficial for the organization. 10. References Channar, Z. A. (2011). Gender Discrimination in Workforce and its Impact. Pak. J. Commer. Soc. Sci, Vol. 5, pp. 177-191. Dixit, V. (2012). A Study about Employee Commitment and its impact. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, pp. 34-51. Abbas, S. M. (2010). Gender Based Wage Discrimination and Its Impact on Performance of Blue Collar Workers: Evidence. KASBIT Business Journal, Vol. 3, pp. 45-63. Hiau, Joo. Kee. (2008) Glass ceiling or sticky floor exploring the Australian gender pay gap. The Economic Record, Vol. 82, No.59, pp. 408-427. Foley, S. (2005). Perceptions of Discrimination and Justice: Are there Gender Differences in Outcomes? Group Organization Management, Vol. 30, pp. 421-452. Ashraf, J, and B. Ashraf (1993) Estimating the Gender Wage Gap in Rawalpindi City. Journal of Development Studies 29:2. Ensher, E. A., Grant-Vallone, E. J., Donalson, S. I. (2001). Effects of perceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and grievances. Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 12, pp. 53-72. Prudence Pollard, Maxine Taylor and Noba Daher, Health Care Manager; Jan-Mar2007, Vol. 26 Issue 1, p52-63, 12p, 4 charts Ensher, E. A. (2011). Effects of Perceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour and grievances. Human resource development quarterly, Vol. 1. Coomber B, Barriball KL. 2007†Impact of job satisfactions on intent to leave and turnover for hospital based nurses: a review of the research literature†, International Journal of Nursing Studies, Vol. 44, pp. 297-314. Joanne Healy and Zucca J. Linda Mid-American Journal of Business; Spring2004, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp. 55-62. Sen, Amartya, 1999, Assessing Human Development Special Contribution Human Development Report 1999 (New York: UNDP). Shah, Parveen. Memon, Rajab. A. (2004). Socio-economic and demographic status of rural women in Sindh. Proceedings of the international conference on social sciences: endangered and engendered, Fatima Jinnah women university, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, pp. 98-113. Nick, Foster. (1999) another ‘glass ceiling’? The experiences of women professionals and managers on international assignments, Gender, Work and Organization, Blackwell publisher’s ltd., Vol. 6, no. 2, pp.79-89. United Nation Population Fund (UNFPA), 2004, Programme of Action: Adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo 1994 Wayne, F. Casico, (1995) Managing Human Resource, Productivity, Quality of work life, Profits, McGraw hill Internationals, 4th ed. pp. 61-116. Susan, Trentham. Laurie, Larwood, (1998) Gender discrimination and the workplace: an examination of rational bias theory, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, Jan, 1998, pp. 1-22. Sanchez, J. I., Brock, P. (1996). Outcomes of perceived discrimination among Hispanic employees: Is diversity management a luxury or a necessity? Academy of Management Journal, 39 (3), 704–719. 11. Appendices Questionnaire We are students of B.sc (Hons) Accounting Finance, currently doing a research project on gender discrimination and its Impact on employee’s performance for which the questionnaire is being distributed to collect empirical data. Therefore you are kindly requested to fill this questionnaire. The information will be kept confidential and will be used for only academic Purpose it will take 15-20 min to complete the data. Thank you in anticipation (Strongly Disagree = 1, Strongly Agree = 5) Employee Productivity

Humanity in Brave New World Essays -- Literature

Humanity in Brave New World For years, authors and philosophers have satirized the â€Å"perfect† society to incite change. In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley describes a so-called utopian society in which everyone is happy. This society is a â€Å"controlled environment where technology has essentially [expunged] suffering† (â€Å"Brave New World†). A member of this society never needs to be inconvenienced by emotion, â€Å"And if anything should go wrong, there's soma† (Huxley 220). Citizens spend their lives sleeping with as many people as they please, taking soma to dull any unpleasant thoughts that arise, and happily working in the jobs they were conditioned to want. They are genetically altered and conditioned to be averse to socially destructive things, like nature and families. They are trained to enjoy things that are socially beneficial: â€Å"'That is the secret of happiness and virtue – liking what you've got to do. All conditioning aims at that: making people lik e their inescapable social destiny'† (Huxley 16). Citizens operate more like machinery, and less like humans. Humanity is defined as â€Å"the quality of being human† (â€Å"Humanity†). To some, humanity refers to the aspects that define a human: love, compassion and emotions. Huxley satirizes humanity by dehumanizing the citizens in the Brave New World society. Huxley deletes love from society to satirize humanity. In the society, in order to maintain stability, â€Å"'The greatest care is taken to prevent you from loving any one too much'† (Huxley 237). If you have no loved ones, you have no one to mourn. When a citizen dies, life continues on as usual; there is no loss in efficiency. Huxley learned at a young age that grieving for a loved one is part of being a human: â€Å"At the age of 14 Aldous... ...dure the hardships of life in order to enjoy the blessings. Sadness is a defining characteristic of a human being: â€Å"In spite of their sadness-- because of it, even; for their sadness was the symptom of their love for one another-- the three young men were happy† (Huxley 242). Sadness is a symptom of joy. Loss is a symptom of love. But Huxley knew that it is worth it to feel both pain and happiness instead of nothing. Without these defining characteristics of humanity, all that remains is a stable, well-oiled machine, certainly not a group of human beings. Works Cited "Aldous Huxley – Biography." Egs.edu. The European Graduate School. Web. 25 Feb. 2012. "Brave New World Theme of Suffering." Shmoop. Shmoop. Web. 25 Feb. 2012. "Humanity." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 25 Feb. 2012. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: Harper & Bros, 1932. Print. Humanity in Brave New World Essays -- Literature Humanity in Brave New World For years, authors and philosophers have satirized the â€Å"perfect† society to incite change. In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley describes a so-called utopian society in which everyone is happy. This society is a â€Å"controlled environment where technology has essentially [expunged] suffering† (â€Å"Brave New World†). A member of this society never needs to be inconvenienced by emotion, â€Å"And if anything should go wrong, there's soma† (Huxley 220). Citizens spend their lives sleeping with as many people as they please, taking soma to dull any unpleasant thoughts that arise, and happily working in the jobs they were conditioned to want. They are genetically altered and conditioned to be averse to socially destructive things, like nature and families. They are trained to enjoy things that are socially beneficial: â€Å"'That is the secret of happiness and virtue – liking what you've got to do. All conditioning aims at that: making people lik e their inescapable social destiny'† (Huxley 16). Citizens operate more like machinery, and less like humans. Humanity is defined as â€Å"the quality of being human† (â€Å"Humanity†). To some, humanity refers to the aspects that define a human: love, compassion and emotions. Huxley satirizes humanity by dehumanizing the citizens in the Brave New World society. Huxley deletes love from society to satirize humanity. In the society, in order to maintain stability, â€Å"'The greatest care is taken to prevent you from loving any one too much'† (Huxley 237). If you have no loved ones, you have no one to mourn. When a citizen dies, life continues on as usual; there is no loss in efficiency. Huxley learned at a young age that grieving for a loved one is part of being a human: â€Å"At the age of 14 Aldous... ...dure the hardships of life in order to enjoy the blessings. Sadness is a defining characteristic of a human being: â€Å"In spite of their sadness-- because of it, even; for their sadness was the symptom of their love for one another-- the three young men were happy† (Huxley 242). Sadness is a symptom of joy. Loss is a symptom of love. But Huxley knew that it is worth it to feel both pain and happiness instead of nothing. Without these defining characteristics of humanity, all that remains is a stable, well-oiled machine, certainly not a group of human beings. Works Cited "Aldous Huxley – Biography." Egs.edu. The European Graduate School. Web. 25 Feb. 2012. "Brave New World Theme of Suffering." Shmoop. Shmoop. Web. 25 Feb. 2012. "Humanity." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. Web. 25 Feb. 2012. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: Harper & Bros, 1932. Print.

Classification of the Tea Party Movement Essay

The Tea Party movement appears to be a rather unique entity. There is much confusion as to the exact classification of the Tea Party movement. Are they a political party, an interest group, or a social movement? Even after countless internet searches a definitive answer was seemingly nowhere to be found. There are three possible classifications of the Tea Party movement that will be explored. As well as information on which of the three systems would be the more effective route for the movement to take and why that route would be the most effective. This should paint a clearer picture of the Tea Party movement and their actual classification. The first look will be at whether or not the Tea Party is a political party, an interest group, or a social movement. And then at what would have been the more effective approach and why that approach would have been more effective. The hope is that by the end of this, the reader will have a better idea of the Tea Party movement’s positio n as a social movement and why a becoming a separate political party would have been their most effective approach. Is the Tea Party movement a political party, an interest group, or a social movement? Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science defines a political party as â€Å"a group of officials or would be officials who are linked with a sizable group of citizens into an organization. A chief objective of this organization is to ensure that its officials attain power and are maintained in power† (Shively, 2012, p. 251). The Tea Party movement clearly has a group of officials that they wanted to place into power. However, with no centralized leadership and little to no attempt to separate from the Republican Party one would be hard-pressed to argue them as a political party. Also, Ron Paul, who is often referred to as the godfather of the Tea Party movement, is currently running for the republican nomination. The republican candidates are frequently campaigning for the votes of the Tea Party voters. Along with, seemingly every news outlet constantly mentioning how the republ icans are fighting for the Tea Party vote the line between the two parties continue to blur. A Washington Post article states, â€Å"at a 2012 presidential forum in New Orleans in June, (Michelle) Bachmann estimated that the tea party consists of 60 percent republicans, 20 percent independents and 20 percent democrats† (Blake, Aaron â€Å"Tea party democrats do exist.† Washington Post. July 6, 2011. Web. March 7, 2012). This tells me that the Tea Party movement is a branch of the Republican Party that has differing views on some major issues, but still identifies themselves as republicans. Therefore, no, by this evidence the Tea Party movement is not a political party. The Tea Party movement, however, also is not an interest group. According to Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science an interest group is an â€Å"organized group of citizens that has one of its goals ensuring that the state follows certain policies† (Shively, 2012, p. 251). Historically groups such as Greenpeace, the National Rifle Association and the Air Force Sergeants As sociation have been classified as interest or â€Å"pressure† groups. These groups use their organization as a means to represent public opinion to government officials. Looking at the definition of interest group one could possibly deduce that the Tea Party movement must be an interest group. Do they want to ensure that the state follows certain policies? Yes. They demand lower taxes, call for the elimination of deficit spending, and insist the government abides by the Constitution and the institution of fiscally conservative policies to eliminate the national debt. Just like with the democratic and republican political parties, the Tea Party movement shares some similarities with interest groups. One could easily consider the Tea Party movement an interest group. Especially if they have read the Encyclopedia definition of interest group, â€Å"also called special interest group or pressure group, any association of individuals or organizations, usually formally organized, that, on the basis of one or more shared concerns, attempts to influence publi c policy in its favor. All interest groups share a desire to affect government policy to benefit themselves or their causes. Their goal could be a policy that exclusively benefits group members or one segment of society (e.g., government subsidies for farmers) or a policy that advances a broader public purpose (e.g., improving air quality). They attempt to achieve their goals by lobbying† (interest group (2012) In Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/290136/interest-group). After reading that definition it seems that the Tea Party movement is an interest group, they do fit the definition extremely well. However, there is one other option. The last possible classification to be explored is the social movement. Does the Tea Party movement fit the mold of a social movement? A social movement is defined as â€Å"loosely organized but sustained campaigns in support of a social goal, typically either the implementation or the prevention of a change in society’s structure or values. Although social movements differ in size, they are all essentially collect ive. That is, they result from the more or less spontaneous coming together of people whose relationships are not defined by rules and procedures but who merely share a common outlook on society† social movement (social movement (2012) In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551335/social-movement). The Tea Party movement came to be in 2009 and 2010 with distrust in elected officials and wanting to remove them from power. They believe that the government has ignored the constitutional order of America (Shively, 2012, p. 309). To a person who is sparsely active in politics, the Tea Party movement may seem to be spontaneous and out of nowhere. But it could be easily argued that the political activist involved carried their feelings for many years prior to organizing the movement. But to an outsider they may have appeared to burst onto the scene. The Tea Party movement seems to be searching for a change in what they believe to be unconstitut ional actions of the United States government, as well as trying to prevent the invasion of constitutional rights. Earlier, it was stated how one could see classifying the Tea Party movement as an interest group. However, after further research they seem to fit the mold of a social movement slightly more. Since the Tea Party movement is a social movement and not an interest group or political party, it needs to be determined which one would have been the best course of action for the movement to take. The best move the Tea Party movement could make would be to become a separate political party. As a political party they would be able to run on a platform consisting completely of their own views. Why attempt to ride the coattails of the Republican Party? If the views differ enough to rally and callout the current elected officials, regardless of party, then new ones. The new party won’t have to worry about being held back by the differing views of the party of which they chose to attach themselves. If the numbers quoted earlier from Michelle Bachmann are correct (60 percent republicans, 20 percent independents and 20 percent democrats) they should have a rather good chance at winning some elections. Mike Gallagher, a Fox News Contributor, stated in a 2009 interview with Bill O’Reilly that, he’d â€Å"happily trade is republican card for a tea party card, if there was such a thing.† Now, obviously this doesn’t state how many hardline Tea Party voters there are, but it says that they appeal to some members of both major parties as well as the independents. Maybe running separately would give them a better chance of pulling more voters from the other parties and uniting their followers even more. After first comparing the Tea Party movement to interest groups, and then social movements and finally political parties, the evidence showed that they are more of a social movement than the other two. The Encyclopedia definition cited earlier was what led to this conclusion. Although it is strictly an opinion, the Tea Party movement would be better served as a political party. This is mainly because they could focus their time and efforts on a campaign consisting of their views. Would they get my vote? No. But at least they would be able to round up all of their supporters into one basket. Works Cited Encyclopedia Britannica. (2012). Retrieved March 19, 2102, from encyclopediabritannica.com: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551335/social-movement Encyclopedia Britannica. (2012). Retrieved March 19, 2012, from encyclopediabritannica.com: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/290136/interest-group Shively, W. P. (2012). Power & Choice: An Introduction to Political Science. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Coraline a Wizard of Earthsea the Sense of Self Essay

If you see a wallet on the ground and discover there is an enormous amount of money in it, what would you do? Do you think you’d return it, or possibly keep the money for yourself? How would you feel about it emotionally afterward? For the sake of an argument let us say you would keep the money. How would you then feel if someone you hate also had the same circumstance happen to them? Would you feel like them keeping the money would further prove why you dislike that person? Did you not also keep the money yourself? In the book Psychoanalysis Terry Eagleton states that â€Å"Lacan permits us to explore the relations between the unconscious and human society†¦ the unconscious is not some kind of†¦ private region ‘inside’ us, but an effect of our relations with one another†(Eagleton 150). The unconscious is part of your â€Å"self† and can be negative or positive; the negative side that we produce is part of our ego. Ego is defined as â€Å"the complex factor to which all conscious contents are related† the ego is only one half of a whole and that whole is the â€Å"self† (Jung 139). Our ego is broken into three sections and the section most apparent in this case is the shadow. The reason why your peer keeping the money creates resentment in you is because of the shadow, it is a part of you that you keep in your unconscious, a part you don’t like and when it is revealed to you through someone else you exchange the inward hatred and replace it with outward disdain for the person that has committed the act. Self is best described as the combination of your conscious and unconscious becoming one in a balanced state. In Coraline by Neil Gaimen and A Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin the shadow becomes a physical thing, an actual entity. The genre itself, fantasy, has its own identity crisis which further adds to the lack of self in the novels. This should not make these stories any less real, the premise of both stories, of battling the shadow and overcoming the lack of identity to find the self is still a very real thing as explained by J.R.R. Tolkien â€Å"fairystories deal largely†¦ with simple or fundamental things, untouched by fantasy, but these simplicities are made all the more luminous by their setting† (Tolkien 20). The self being fragmented by not knowing one’s unconscious is a recurring theme in both stories. The shadow becoming and entity in the stories further explains the concept of your conscious latching on to an outward vessel to express disdain for. The conscious and unconscious meld together to form one’s identity, the conscious mind uses one’s life experiences and natural behavior as an identifier while the unconscious mind creates the ego and the shadow, both of which create the idea of self. In order to gain an identity you much overcome and accept your shadow as part of you, then and only then will you truly discover your â€Å"self†. In Coraline a lonely and ignored little girl is an only child of two, negligent, parents. She has just moved into a new house and while exploring her new home she finds a door which sometimes, and progressively more while the story continues, leads her into an alternate world where her desire for excitement is fulfilled. While in this world the narrator states, â€Å"There were all sorts of remarkable things in there she’d never seen before†¦ this is more like it, thought Coraline† (Gaimen 30). This is Coraline’s conscious self, her excitement, her explorer, the one that doesn’t mind a new world, a girl who accept the oddities just so that she can discover all of them herself. This world was created by the other mother, a witch, who at this point has not revealed herself to Coraline as a soul consuming entity. Her brand new home put up an image of perfection that clouded her judgment. These illusions created by the other mother make it harder for Coraline to discover herself because she is only seeing what the other mother is allowing her to see through the filter of Coraline’s conscious. Jung states that â€Å"The more projections are thrust in between the subject and the environment [the other world in Coraline’s case], the harder it is for the ego to see through its illusions† (Jung 147). Because of this, Coraline’s newly found freedom into the other world is nothing more than an attempt by the other mother to keep her in the dark while thinking she is in control. This false sense of security doesn’t allow for Coraline to discover her own self. The main plot point of the story is the more Coraline realizes she’s being held back and the more she feels her sense of self coming to fruition the more the illusions put in front of her begin to dwindle until the world is revealed to her for what it really is. Although it is the other mother’s world and she created it, it is the fact that Coraline hasn’t come to terms with her shadow or better yet hasn’t been forced to face it that allows her to succumb to the illusion, â€Å"it is an unconscious factor [the shadow] which spins the illusions that veil [the] world† (Jung 147). As Jung states here, the shadow, and this other world that has been created is her unconscious being warped through the eyes of the other mother, and her warped vision is the veil that the world hides beneath. Coraline’s conscious mind is her adventurous side â€Å"her first two weeks in the house [were spent] exploring the garden and the grounds† this is the basis of the other world, a place full of wonder and excitement, a place full of adventure (Gaimen 6). The shadow that Coraline must face is her fear. Coraline’s conversation with her guardian, the cat, is about her confusion of bravery and being naive. Coraline thinks that she is very brave without knowing what bravery actually is. She tells the story of her father who gets stung by a nest of hornet’s and in the process discovers true bravery, which she embodies as her father going back for his glasses, â€Å"it wasn’t brave because he wasn’t scared†¦ going back again to get his glasses, then he knew the wasp were there, when he was really scared. That was brave†¦ when you’re scared and you still do it anyway, that’s brave† (Gaimen 58-59). Once she goes through this point the world shifts for her, she sees everything for its eerie similarities of the real world but with a malicious twist. The final proof of the discovery of self in Coraline is the fact that once everything is said and done she goes back to her life exactly the way it was. Her parents still pay no mind to her and her life is just as dull now as it was when the story started but her perspective changed. She is no longer oppressed by her status because she defeats the other mother and overcomes her shadow, becoming whole. She is complete, by learning, understanding, and overcoming her unconscious she finds her â€Å"self†. The beginning of her journey is much the same as Ged in A Wizard of Earthsea, looking for her self and being too naive to find it. Ged is a boy who discovers his divine talent for witchcraft at an early age. From the moment that he saves his village from being decimated by savages he was told that he would be a great and powerful wizard by one of the great wizards, Ogion, â€Å"I send you one who will be greatest of the wizards of Gont† (Le Guin 48). This creates Ged’s conscious self, which is a hero complex, thinking that he can do whatever he wishes without consequence. Ged although very powerful is very arrogant and prideful, in an attempt to impress a women he learns to summon a dark spirit from the dead that almost kills him. He once again out of anger and pride summons the spirit of the dead in a competition of strength with a boy, jasper, one year his senior. The shadow is shown to him in many forms, these forms are of his character flaws, â€Å"Like a clot of black shadow, quick and hideous†¦ it was like a black beast, the size of a young child† the young child reflecting back on him when he first revealed himself to the darkness, while the beast is Ged’s vengeful personality taking shape (Le Guin 85). The shadow was born out of Ged’s arrogance, pride and narcissism. He constantly becomes angry at himself for not being stronger and as he succumbs to his anger the shadow becomes stronger, â€Å"it rankled at his heart he should die, spitted on a Kargish lance, while still a boy†¦ raged at his weakness, for he knew his strength† (Le Guin 11). His fear and his constant flaws give the shadow its strength putting those he knows in danger and further hiding his self from him. As Ged tries to run away for the last time the shadow manages to kill Ged’s pet. This is the last straw for Ged and he, as Coraline did, discovers his unconscious, his identity and seeks out to defeat the shadow. He begins to chase the shadow and becomes stronger from it, facing his inner demons and overcoming his fear. Ged learns of the connection he has with the shadow in order to defeat it, â€Å"it wills to work evil through you. The power you had to call it gives it power over you: you are connected. It is the shadow of your arrogance, the shadow of your ignorance, the shadow you cast. Has a shadow a name† (Le Guin)? By being told this and through all the trials Ged faces he becomes humble and learns his way through the barriers he has put up on his darkness. Through the hunt Ged finally realizes what the shadow is and even though it has his misguided qualities it has brought out the good qualities in him. Ged finally spoke the shadows name and the shadow repeated it, Ged and the shadow became one and Ged became one with his unconscious and becomes aware of his self, â€Å"I am whole, I am free† (Le Guin). Coraline and Ged went through hardships in order to become one. Coraline learned true bravery and defeated her other mother and though her life did not change she accept herself and her life for what it was. Ged through his hardship lost his arrogance, his pride, his ignorance and actually physically became one with his shadow. Through the hunt of their shadow they found themselves. They stopped running away from who they always were and just embraced and learned to become what they were trying to run away from. Coraline’s ignorance and Ged’s pride were defeated by the hunt for their unconscious. Their true enemy was themselves and the only thing that could defeat that was their new found sense of â€Å"self†.